Techniques and BasicsModular origami begins with folding individual units, which are usually simple to create but require precision for successful assembly. Common units include the Sonobe unit, which forms cubes or stellated polyhedra, and the PHiZZ unit, used for spiky geometric shapes. The process involves:

1. Choosing Paper: Square origami paper (6×6 inches is standard) works best, often with different colors on each side for visual contrast. Lightweight paper (70–90 g/m²) is ideal for crisp folds.
   
    

   

2. Folding Units: Each unit is folded following a specific pattern, such as a triangle or parallelogram, with flaps and pockets designed to interlock. For example, the Sonobe unit starts with a square folded into a parallelogram with two flaps and two pockets.
3. Assembly: Units are connected by inserting flaps into pockets, relying on tension and friction to maintain structure. Assemblies can range from 6 units (for a cube) to hundreds (for complex models like a Menger sponge). Patience is key, as alignment and symmetry are critical.
4. Common Models: Popular modular origami models include the Sonobe Cube (6 units), Kusudama flower balls (multiple flower-shaped units), and polyhedra like the icosahedron or dodecahedron. These models often have a decorative or mathematical appeal.
   
    

   

5. Tips for Beginners:
   • Start with simple models like a 6-unit cube to understand unit connections.
   • Use contrasting colors to visualize assembly.
   • Practice folding units consistently to ensure uniformity.
   • Refer to diagrams or video tutorials for clarity.

History of Modular Origami (by Century)

• 1600s–1700s: The earliest evidence of modular origami appears in Japan with the tamatebako (magic treasure chest), a modular cube depicted in a 1734 book, Ranma Zushiki by Hayato Ohoka. This cube used six menko-derived units, marking an early example of multi-piece origami. Kusudama, decorative balls of folded paper flowers, also emerged during this period, often used for incense or as gifts.
  
   

  

• 1800s: During the Edo period (1603–1868), paper became more affordable in Japan, leading to widespread use of origami in ceremonies and decorations. Modular designs like kusudama gained popularity, though they sometimes used thread or glue, distinguishing them from modern modular origami’s no-glue rule.
  
   

  

• 1900s: The 20th century saw a renaissance in origami, driven by Akira Yoshizawa, who formalized folding notations in 1954. Modular origami as a distinct field emerged in the 1960s with Robert Neale in the US and Mitsunobu Sonobe in Japan, who independently developed modular techniques. Sonobe’s cube unit became a cornerstone, enabling diverse polyhedral forms. The 1970s marked a surge in interest, with Steve Krimball expanding Sonobe’s concepts.
  
   

  

   

  

• 2000s–Present: Modular origami has flourished globally, fueled by the internet and conventions. Artists like Tomoko Fuse and Meenakshi Mukerji advanced modular designs, while mathematical applications, such as NASA’s use of origami for foldable solar panels, highlighted its practical potential. Social media and YouTube tutorials have democratized access, inspiring new generations.
  
   

  

Famous People in Modular Origami

1. Tomoko Fuse (b. 1951, Japan): Renowned for modular boxes, kusudama, and polyhedra, Fuse has authored over 60 books, popularizing modular origami worldwide.
   
    

   

    

   

2. Mitsunobu Sonobe (Japan): Developed the Sonobe unit, a versatile module for creating polyhedra, foundational to modern modular origami.
   
    

   

3. Robert Neale (USA): Pioneered modular origami in the US in the 1960s, known for innovative polyhedral designs.
   
    

   

4. Meenakshi Mukerji (USA): Celebrated for geometric modular models like the Compound of Five Octahedra, with clear tutorials and books.
   
    

   

5. Ekaterina Lukasheva (Russia): Known for intricate kusudama and modular stars, with tutorials available on kusudama.me.
   
    

   

6. Kunihiko Kasahara (Japan): Devised methods for modular polyhedra and authored influential books like Viva Origami.
   
    

   

    

   

7. Miyuki Kawamura (b. 1970, Japan): A physicist and modular origami specialist, known for polyhedron designs and books like Polyhedron Origami for Beginners.
   
    

   

8. Hideo Komatsu (b. 1977, Japan): A member of Tanteidan, he creates complex modular models inspired by geometric precision.
   
    

   

9. Jeannine Mosely (b. 1953, USA): Famous for her Menger sponge made from 66,048 business cards, blending modular origami with mathematics.
   
    

   

10. Paulo Mulatinho (b. 1956, Brazil/Germany): Founding president of Origami Germany, known for modular designs and international exhibitions.